在所有的动词短语中,out出现的频率最多。

在《朗文高白词典》统计的前200个最常用的动词中,可与up、out同时搭配使用的动词就超过了100个,也就是说,50%以上的最常用动词都可以和这两个词搭配使用形成新的词义,可见掌握这两个小品词的用法对我们提高自己的表达能力是多么重要。

我们在跟着课本学英语的时候,往往会对一些熟悉的动词短语产生理解上的困惑:为什么 make up有“编造”的意思?

为什么 cut up是“切碎”的意思?

come和 come out都有“出现”的意思,这两者有什么区别?为什么“辍学”是 drop out??这儿的“out”要如何理解?

其实,所有这些短语都是可以从其原始词义来进行理解的,从而有助于我们在理解的基础上进行记忆,而不是像以前那样只能死记硬背,无道理可讲。

尽管up、out与动词的组合千变万化,但其形成的词义还是有规律可循的。

和对其他词的理解一样,我们也要从这个两个词的原始词义入手,逐渐扩展到其延伸义。

Up

原始词义是“在高处”或“向上”,在此基础上延伸出以下词义和用法。

1.增髙、增大、增多、增强。请看以下例句:

(1) blow up放大

I had the picture blow up to an8*10.

我把照片的尺寸放大到8乘10。

(2) bring up养大

He was born and brought up in New Jersey.他在新泽西出生和长大。

(3) build up增大

Pressure built up as the water continued to flow into the clogged pipe.

水不断地流入堵塞的水管里,压力增大了。

(4) hang up挂起来

Hang up your clothes before you go to bed.

睡觉前把你的衣服挂起来。

(5)kep up保持不下降

The shortage of supplies is keeping the price up.供应的短缺造成价格下不来

(6) let up缓和

I wish this rain would let up.希望这场雨能停下来。

(7) move up升迁

Secretaries often find it difficult to move up within the company.

秘书们往往会发现在这个公司升迁是一件很难的事。

(8) pick up提升

train was gradually picking up speed.火车开始慢慢提速。

(9) play up夸大

The press has been playing up the racial aspects of the case.

媒体一直在渲染此国的种族色彩。

(10) put up贴起来

Let' s put a few of these posters up in the hallway.让我在过道里贴一些这样的海报。

(11) read up大量阅读

I'll have to read up on the tax laws before the meeting tomorow.

明天要开会了,我不得不突击读一些税法方面的书籍。

(12) roll up卷起来

Roll your sleeves up把袖子起来。

(13) send up抬升

The shortage is bound to send prices up.供应短缺必将导致物价上涨。

其他还有 speak up, stand up, stay up, stick up, turn up, wait up等,不再一一列举。

2.出现。up与一些动词组成短语时,用来说明被作用的对象从无到有。请看以下例句。

(1) bring up提出

Some people laughed at the idea when I first brought it up。当我第一次提出这个建议的时候就遭到了一些人的嘲笑。

(2) call up召唤

The woman believe she can call up the spirits of the dead.这个女人说她能召回死者的灵魂

(3) come up出现

A lot of new questions came up at the meeting.会上提出了很多新问题。

Something's come up, so I won't be able to go with you on Thursday.突然出了点事,所以周四我不能和你一起去了。

(4) dig up发掘出

See what you can dig up on the guy.看看你能从那个家伙身上挖出点什么来。

(5)draw up停

A huge black limousine drew up outside the gates.一辆黑色大豪华轿车在大门外停下。

(6) look up查阅

If you don' t know the word, Look it up in the dictionary.你要是不认识这个词,就用词典查出来。

(7) make up编造

Oh, she wouldn' t make up a story like that.她不会编这样的故事。

(8) open up使出现

Roger is worried that nothing seems to be opening up for him.现在看来似乎没有什么机会, Roger对此有些担心。

(9) point up 凸显

The crash points up the need for new safety regulations.相撞事故凸显出制定新的安全规程的必要性。

(10) set up设立

They want to set up their own import- export business.他们想成立自己的进出口公司。

(11) show up出现

I was almost asleep when Chris finally showed up.等到Chris最后露面,我都快睡着了。

(12) think up想出

Who thinks up the stories for these stupid TV shows?这些愚蠢的电视节目是谁构思出来的?

(13) throw up显示

My computer often throws up an error message when I try to print每次我想打印时,电脑总显示出错信息。

(14) turn up出现

Don' t worry about the necklace. It'll turn up sooner or later. 别担心那条项链,早晚它会出现的。

I'm ready to take any job that turns up.不管出现什么样的工作机会,我都会准备接受。

(15) write up写出

He went back to office and immediately wrote up an agreement. 他回到办公室,立剡写了一份协议书。

3.强调。

在大多数由up构成的动词短语中,up并没有实际意义,只是对前面的动词起到一个修饰、强化的作用,相当于汉语的“…了”等。

这样的短语大多是一种约定俗成的用法,即便是把up去掉,也一样可以表达出类似的意思。

请看以下例句。

(1)call up给某人打电话

He callled me up to tell me about it.他打电话把那件事告诉了我。

(2) close up关闭

The pubic swimming pool closes up after August.八月份以后公共浴池就要关闭了。

(3) end up结束

You could end up dead if you're not careful.你要是不小心的话有可能送命。

Whenever we go out to dinner with them, I always end up paying the bill.无论何时与他们出去吃饭,最后总是我买单。

(4) mess up弄砸,搞坏

I don' t want to mess up my kid's chances at a good education. 我不想弄丢孩子接受好的教育的机会。

Stop it! You'll mess up my hair!住手!你会把我的头发弄乱的!

(5) open up敞开心扉;开张

It took Martha several weeks to open up to her therapist.

几星期后, Maha才向她的治疗师敞开心廉。

There' g a new supermarket opening up in our neighborhood.

我们小区有个新超市开张了。

(6) sIgn up报名

Over 25 people have signed up for the self-defense class.

超过25人报名參加了自卫培训班。

(7) stop up堵塞

A big ball of hair had stopped up the drain.一大团头发堵住了下水道。

(8) take up占用;担负;就位

I don't go to the gym——it akes up too much time.我不去健身一太费时间了

We must take up the challenge of confronting crime in our neighborhoods.

我们必须勇敢地面对小区把罪活动的挑战。

The runners took up their positions on the starting line.选手们在直道上各就各位。

(9) check up查看

Mom's always checking up on me to see if I'm eating right.妈妈总要查看我是否好好吃饭。

(10) cook up烹饪

Dad's cooking up some T-bone steaks in the back yard.爸爸正在后院做丁字骨牛排。

(11) hold up被耽搁

Sorry I'm late—— I was held up at work.不好意思我迟到了——被工作上的事耽误了。

(12)fix up撮合

Dean fixed him up with a girl from his clas.Dean从班里为他找了个女朋友。

(13) meet up碰头

Why don' t we meet up for dinner in the city?我们为什么不在城里碰头吃饭?

类似的用法还有 break up, hang up on, pass up, serve up,wake up, wash up, listen up, act up等

4.彻底。

up在和另一些动词搭配的时候,除了强调动作本身外,还说明动作产生的效果比较彻底。

请看以下例句:

(1) blow up爆炸

Police cleared the waterfront before the ship blew up.

在船炸毁前,警察疏散了篇头上所有的人。

(2) cover up掩盖

Criminals can cover up some of their illegal activities by dealing only in cash.

罪犯只处理现金,以免暴露他们的犯罪活动。

(3)pay up还清

In most cases, Fadely said, people pay up in response to the first notice the IRS sends them. Fadely说,大多数情况下,人们都是在接到美国国税局的第一次通知后才付清欠款。

(4) use up用光

Who uses up the ketch-up?谁把番茄酱用完了?

(5) cut up切碎

Just cut up the potatoes and throw them in with the meat.

把土豆切碎,和肉一起放进去。

(6) clean up清洗

Go upstairs, get cleaned up, and then we can go.上楼洗个澡,然后我们就走。

5.有秩序。

up还可以用来说明动作之后,所作用的对象变得有秩序起来。请看以下例句:

(1)do up系上

For the birthday party, she did her hair up with a ribbon.

为参加生日实会,她用丝带把头发扎了起来。

She took forever doing herself up for her date.为了约会,她花了很长时间梳妆打扮。

(2) dress up打扮起来

We dressed the kids up as tigers.我们把孩子装扮成老虎。

Do we have to dress up? 我们要穿著正式吗?

(3)fix up收拾

The landlord refused to fix up the property, even after repeated warming.

尽管接到数次警告,房东还是拒绝收拾房子。

(4) clean up清理;洗净

I have to clean up my room first.我得先清理一下房屋。

(5) make up化妆

They made him up to look like he was dead.他们给他化了妆,让他看起来像是死了。

out

out的基本词义是“出来”、“在外面”,在此基础上延伸出以下词义和用法。

1.出现

(1) act out表现出

Teenagers can act out their anxieties in various aggressive ways.

青少年会通过各种攻击性行为来表现出他们的焦虑。

(2) beat out逼供

I had the truth beaten out of me by my father.在父亲的严刑逼供下,我说出了真相。

(3) break out爆发

War broke out six months later.六个月之后,战争爆发了。

(4) bring out带出

Add a little salt to bring out the flavor.加点盐出味

He always seems to bring out the best in his players.

他似乎总能让他的队员发挥出最好水平

(5) carrv out执行

Teenagers carried out a survey on attitudes to drugs.

青少年们就人们对待毒品的态度做了一次调查

(6) come out揭露出

It was several weeks before the truth came out.几星期后才真相大白。

(7) dig out找出

Mom dug her wedding dress out of the closet.妈妈从衣橱里翻出她结婚时穿的衣服。

(8) lay out铺开

Lay out the map on the table and we'll take a look.把地图在桌子上展开,我们看一看。

(9) make out开出

Who do I make the check out to?我的支票开给谁?

(10) print out打印出

I'm going to print my essay out at the computer lab.我要在机房把我的论文打印出来

(11) stick out突出

It's kind of cute the way his ears stick out.他耳朵突出来的样子很可爱。

(12) tum out结果

Don' t worry- I'm sure it will all turn out fine.别担心——我敢肯定一切最终会好起来的。

(13) write out写出,列出

Could you write out the procedures for ordering new equipment?

你能把订新设备的程序写一下吗?

(14) start out起步

Kate started her career out working as a model in NY. Kate的事业是从在纽约做模特起步的

大家可能留意到,前面讲过的up也有“出现”的意思,那么这两者有什么区别呢?简单来说,up所组成的动词短语表达“出现"这个意思的时候,是指从无到有,而out所组成的短语则是指原本就存在,只是被隐藏了,或者处在混沌状态需要进一步明确。

请比较以下两组短语。

第一组bring up提出

Some people laughed at the idea when I first brought it up.我第一次提出这个主意的时候有些人嘲笑它(这个idea以前是没有的,第一次提出)。

bring out带出

He always seems to bring out the best in his players.

他看上去总能让队员发挥出自己的最佳水平(每个队员都有自己的最佳水平)

第二组

come up出现

Something's come up, so I won't be able to go with you on Thursday.

(是指临时出现的事情,本来是没有的)

Come out揭露出

It was several weeks before the truth came out.

几星期后才真相大白。(真相本来就存在,只是没有被揭露出来而已)

2.结束。

out在词义上是与in相对的,当我们把in理解为存在、有效、正在进行等意思的时候,out则是结束、失效、出局等反面意思。

请看以下例句

(1) beat out灭火

Beat out a fire把火扑灭。(火out了就是指火熄灭了)

(2) blow out吹灭;击败

Blow all the candles out.把所有的蜡烛吹灭。(解释同上)

We blew them out,28-zero.我们以28比零大胜他们。(他们out了,就是他们出局了)

(3) burn out烧尽;精疲力竭

The fire burns out.火烧尽了。(解释同前)

A lot of teachers are burning out and quitting.

很多老师累得精疲力竭,退出了。(老师退出,就是不再参与的意思)

(4) cut out除掉:熄火

I've cut out all expenses that aren' t absolutely necessary.

我减掉了一切不必要的开支。(开支out了,就是不再产生这些开支了)

The boat's engine cut out halfway across the lake.

行到湖中央的时候,发动机突然熄火。(发动机out了,就是说发动机停止了运转)

(5) close out清仓处理

The women's department is closing out this line of swimwear.

女装部正在清仓处理此款女装。(服装out,就是指不再卖此款女装)

(6) die out灭绝

If the ocean becomes too salty, certain types of marine life die out.要是海水太咸的话,某些海洋生物就要灭绝了。(某类生物out了,就是这类生物都不存在了)

(7) paint out涂掉

She tried to paint out the extra shadows in the picture.

她尝试着把画里过多的阴影涂掉。(阴影out了,就是没有阴影了)

(8) pass out昏迷

It was so hot in there I thought I was going to pass out.

那里面太热了,我想我快要昏倒了。(人out就是指人没有意识了)

(9) put out扑灭

It took firefighters several hours to put the blaze out.

消防员用了几个小时才把大火扑灭。(同前解释)

(10) ride out安然度过

Graduate school is a good place to ride out an economic crisis.

研究生院是度过经济危机的好地方。(危机out,就是指危机结束)

(11) serve out做到任期期满T

he senator's failing health means he may not be able to serve out his term.

参议员糟糕的身体状况有可能彩响到他做满任期。(任期out,就是指任期结東)

(12) sit out坐等结束

When the war started, her family decided to stay in the country and sit it out.

战争刚开始的时候,她家里决定杲在乡村等战争结束(战争out,就是战争结束)

(13) wait out等……过去

We spent the night at the airport, waiting out the snow storm.

我们在机场过了一宿,等暴风雪过去。(暴风雪out,就是指暴风雪结束)

(14) wear out磨损;疲劳

After years of running, his knees started to wear out.

长年累月的跑步,他的膝盖开始磨损。(膝盖out,就是膝盖不能正常发挥效用)

Working two jobs can really wear you out.

打两份工真能把你累死。(人out,就是指人很累,没有体力正常工作)

3.离开。

当一个人或一个事物从一个地方到另一个地方的时候,也可以用out来表示。

请看以下例句

(1) check ou结账离开;借出

We have to check out by 1 p.m.

我们必须在1点钟前结账离开。(人out,就是指人高开先前所在的宾馆等)

You could only check out only three books at a time,你一次只能借三本书。(书out,是指书离开先前所在的图书馆到倩书人所在的地方)

(2) come out被洗掉

Ink stains will usually come out if you use a little stain remover first.

如果你用点除污剂的话,墨清通常都能除掉。(墨渍离开先前所在的地方)

(3) drive out从某个区域赶走

Cattle tend to drive out wild animals that eat the same grass.

牛群通常金把同一片草地上出现的其他野生动物赶跑。(与 drive away相比较一下,后者是指从某一个点赶走,前者则是指从某个区城赶走,赶空)

(4) drop out辍学

Kelly dropped out of college after one semester.

一学期后Kely从大学里辍学了。(离开大学)

(5) fall out掉落

My dads hair fell out when he was only30.

爸爸30岁时就开始掉头发了。(头发离开脑袋)

(6) move out搬走

The landlord wants me to move out by the 14th.

房东想让我在14号前搬出去。(离开所租的房屋)

(7)pay out付出

Our company pays out a huge amount in health benefits.

我们公司为健康福利支出了大笔賁金。(钱离开公司)

(8) pull out撒离

Most of the troops have been pulled out.

大部分士兵都撤出了。(部队离开原来驻防的地方)

Be careful when you pull out of the driveway.驶离车道的时候小心点。(离开车道)

(9) see out送行

Don' t get up——I'll see myself out.

不用起来了,我自己走就可以了。(离开所在的房屋)

(10) set out出发

Next moming at five o'clock they set out on the 12-hour drive to LA.

他们第二天五点钟出发,驱车12个小时前往洛杉矶。(离开原来的地方)

(11) sign out借出

Somebody had already signed out the last VCR.

有人早把最后一个ⅤCR借走了。(离开原来的地方)

(12) wash out洗掉

Grass stains don't wash out easily.草清不容易洗摔。(离开衣服)

(13) draw out取钱

She went out to the bank and drew out all the money they had saved.

她去银行把他们存的所有的钱都取了出来。(钱离开银行)

(14) kick out开除

What did you do to get kicked out of the restaurant?

你做了什么让酒店把你开除了?(高开原来工作的地方)

4.在外面。

这是out的原始词义,是个空间概念,也可以进一步延伸到情感等方面,请看以下例句。

(1) hang out晾晒

I like to hang out the sheets to get a fresh smell.

我喜欢晾晒被单,以得到那种清新的味道

(2) invite out约出去

Josh called and invited her out for Saturday night. Josh打电话约她周六晚上出去。

(3)leave out 排除,被冷落

It's fine with me if you leave out the chili powder.不放辣椒粉我也可以

The whole time I went to the youth group I felt completely left out.

我在青年队自始至终都觉得被忽略了。

(4) let out放出去

Who let the cat out?谁把猫放出去了?

(5)count out 排除在外

Well, you can count me out!好,别把我算进去!

(6) miss out错过

I feel I' m missing out on having fun with my kids.

我觉得我是在错失和自己孩子一起玩乐的机会。

(7) order out叫外卖

Let' s order out tonight.今晚我们叫外卖吃吧!

(8) shut out挡在外面

Don't just shut me out. I want to help.不要把我排除在外,我想帮帮忙。

Heavy curtains shut out the sunlight.厚窗窜挡住了阳光。

(9) stay out呆在外面

My parents won't let me stay out late on weeknights.

我父母不许我非周末在外面呆到太晚。

(10) throw out扔掉

My wife made me throw out my old tennis shoes. 我妻子让我把旧网球鞋扔掉。

5.强调声音。

out用在 call, cry, read等表示声音的动词之后,表示很大声音。

(1)call out 大声叫喊

I called out to you at the train station, but you didn ' t hear me. A

我在火车站大声喊你,但是你没有听到。

(2) cry out大声喊叫

Even the smallest movement made him cry out in pain.

哪怕最轻微的动作都使他痛苦地大喊大叫。

(3) read out大声读出

He opened the envelope and read out the name of the winner.

他打开信封,宣读获奖者的名字。

(4)sing out 大声说出

“Good morning, Mrs James!" Eddie sang out.

“早上好,詹姆斯太太!”埃迪响亮地喊道

(5) speak out公司开宣称

Smith was not afraid to speak out against the Vietnam War.

史密斯不怕公开反对越南战争。

6.清晰

out可用于说明搞清楚动词所指向的对象,相当于汉语的“.......出”。

(1) check out查清楚

You should check that idea out with the boss first. 你应该首先向老板核实一下那个想法。

We'd better check him out before we offer him the job.

我们最好先了解一下他的情况,然后再給他这份工作

(2) count out数清楚

Can you help me count out the ballots?你能帮我数一下选票吗?

(3) fight out决出

The two groups will fight it out in the court.这两个团体将在法庭上解决分歧。

(4) figure out搞清楚

If I have a m, I can figure it out. 我要是有张地图,我就能解决这事。

(5) fill out填写

She filled out the order form in purple ink. 她用紫颜色墨水填写了订单。

(6) make out分辨出

Many in the crowd could hardly make out what he was saying, as he spoke without a microphone. 因为他讲话没用麦克风,人群中许多人几乎听不见他在说什么。

I couldn't make him out at all. 我根本无法了解他。

(7) point out指出

He got very angry when Emily pointed out his mistake.

艾米丽指出他的错误时他非常生气。

Point out your office when we go by. 我们经过时,把你的办公室指给我们看。

(8) sort out理顺

It took us all day to sort out all the paperwork. 整理所有的资料花了我们一整天。

(9) think out考虑清楚

The arguments had not been thought out very carefully.

这些论点还没有经过十分认真的考虑。

10) try out试出

Jamie could hardly wait to try out his new bike.

杰米迫不及待地想去试试他那辆新自行车。

(11) talk out讨论出

There are still a lot of details that we need to talk out.我们还有许多细节需要协商解决。